Units in Cogtse Rgyalrong Discourse：Prosody and Grammar

　　嘉戎語為分佈於中國境內之漢藏語系語言，因擁有複雜的形態和語音結構為國際語言學界所知。本書以自發性口述材料為基礎，結合前沿韻律及語法研究理論，呈現嘉戎語如何將自然語流劃分出基本韻律單元，並且就這些單元的語法構造進行分析。研究發現，嘉戎語的詞韻律系統是一種降調與零聲調相對的缺性聲調系統；在此基礎上本研究進一步探討此聲調系統如何與其他音系特徵合作構建出語調的輪廓。與此同時，每一個韻律單元都就語法結構進行標記，以辨析此語言之首選結構類型。本書所呈現的研究，是漢藏語系語言學目前以即時自然語流為材料，針對韻律與語法性質最全面的研究；在世界語言的研究中，也是對缺性聲調對語調作用的探討也是首次。
 

Table of Contents  i
Acknowledgements  vii
Abstract  ix

Chapter 1 General Introduction  1
1.0. Introduction  1
1.1. Cogtse Rgyalrong and Rgyalrongic Languages  3
1.2. Prosody  6
1.2.1. Intonation Unit (IU)  7
1.2.2. Intonation  8
1.2.3. Tone and Intonation  9
1.3. Grammar in the IU  11
1.4. General Research Questions  12
1.5. The Data  13
1.5.1. Spontaneous Narratives and Constructed Examples  13
1.5.2. Data Collection and Consultants  14
1.6. The Organization of the Book  19

Chapter 2 Word Prosody  21
2.0. Introduction  21
2.1. Previous Analyses of Cogtse Word Prosody  21
2.2. Typological and Analytical Problems with Pitch-Accent  30
2.3. A Privative Interpretation of Cogtse Tone  35
2.3.1. Surface-Melody 1  37
2.3.2. Surface-Melody 2  48
2 3 3. Grammatical Tonal Variations  55
2.3.3.1. Tonal Modification Preserving the Two-Way Contrast  56
2.3.3.1.1. Stem1-Stem2 Alternation  56
2.3.3.1.2. Toned Clitics: Dual and Plural Cliticization  60
2.3.3.1.3. Toneless Clitics  66
2.3.3.2. Partial Tone Retention: Compounding  67
2.3.3.3. Morphosyntactically-Assigned Tones  68
2.3.3.3.1. Observational  68
2.3.3.3.2. Indirect Evidential  70
2.3.3.3.3. Vocative Case  75
2.4. The Prosodic Phrase  75
2.4.1. Phrasal Modifications: Type 1  77
2.4.2. Phrasal Modifications: Type 2  83
2.4.3. Phrasal Modifications: Type 3  86
2 4 4. Phrasal Modifications: Type 4  94
2.5. Summary and Discussion  96
TABLE OF CONTENTS v iii

Chapter 3 Intonation Units: Segmentation and Intonation  99
3.0. Introduction  99
3.1. Labeling IU Boundaries  100
3.1.1. Prosodic Criteria for IU-boundary Identification  100
3.1.2. Inter-Rater Reliability Tests  103
3.2. Intonational Analysis  107
3.2.1. Phrasal Rules  109
3.2.2. Prosodic Accent  119
3.2.3. Boundary Tone  124
3.3. Summary and Discussion  139

Chapter 4 Intonation Units: Grammatical Structure  143
4.0. Introduction  143
4.1. Transcription System  147
4.1.1. Review of Some Major Transcription Systems  147
4.1.2. The Transcription System for Rgyalrong  152
4.2. Methodology: Coding Grammatical Types of the IU  156
4.3. Structural Types of the IU  165
4.3.1. Non-Clausal IUs  165
4.3.1.1. Nominal IUs  165
4.3.1.2. Discourse Markers  167
4.3.1.2.1. Connectives  167
4.3.1.2.2. Pause Fillers  168
4.3.1.2.3. Other Discourse Markers  169
4.3.1.3. Adverbials  170
4.3.1.4. Ideophone  172
4.3.1.5. Onomatopoeics  175
4.3.2. Clausal IUs  176
4.3.2.1. Mono-Clausal IUs  176
4.3.2.1.1. Fully Finite Clauses  176
4.3.2.1.2. Nominalized Finite Clauses  177
4.3.2.1.3. Non-Finite Clauses  186
4.3.2.1.4. Relative Clauses  190
4.3.2.1.5. Adverbial Clauses  194
4.3.2.2. Multi-Clausal IUs  196
4.3.2.2.1. Complex Sentences  196
4.3.2.2.2. Sequential Sentences  198
4.3.2.2.3. Juxtaposed Clauses  198
4.3.2.2.4. Super-Complex Clausal IUs  201
4.4. Distribution of Structural Types  202
4.5. Discussion of the Results  204
4.5.1. The Preferred Structural Type  204
4.5.2. Complex IUs vs. the “One Clause per IU” Tendency  205
4.6. Prosodic Correlations to Discourse and Grammar: Some Observations  211
4.6.1. Extrapropositional Expressions  211
4.6.2. Prosody-Grammar Correlation in the Quotative Construction  214
4.7. Summary and Conclusion  220

Chapter 5 Conclusion  223
5.0. Introduction  223
5.1. RQ1: How can Cogtse word prosody be best characterized?Is it tonal, pitch-accented, or both?  225
5.2. RQ2: How does prosody organize speech into basic units?  226
5.3. RQ3: What are the contour shapes observed on the Cogtse IU? How are they best described?  226
5.4. RQ4: What is the relationship between tone and intonation?  227
5.5. RQ5: What are the grammatical exponents of Cogtse IUs? What does the distribution of the structural types tell us about the grammatical organization of Cogtse natural speech?  227
5.6. RQ6: Is there any salient correlation between prosody and grammatical or discourse functions?  228
5.7. Contribution, Limitation, and Future Research  229

REFERENCES  233
Appendix: Three Cogtse Narratives  253

作者簡介



You-Jing Lin 林幼菁

　　美國加州大學聖塔芭芭拉分校語言學博士，現任北京大學中國語言文學系副教授，主要教授課程為音系學、形態句法學、語言田野調查、以及中國境內的漢藏語系語言。主要研究中國西南地區的民族語言。目前已發表嘉戎語卓克基話的語法標注文集以及一系列學術論文，探討語法、音系、實驗語音學、以及語篇分析的問題，語言範圍涉及四土嘉戎語、茶堡嘉戎語、西部嘉戎語組語言、藏語、里汝語以及苗語。她有可能是率先研究中國境內藏緬語族語言韻律現象的第一人。